Historical Derivations
Instructions : Click to reveal applications of a phonological rule in each column.
Paper & pencil are helpful if you'd like to test yourself before revealing answers.
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PIE
1st GMC consonant shift
Verner’s Law
GMC accent shift
GMC vowel shift
Nasal assimilation
*/pətḗr/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/slḗbonom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/kmtóm/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/dékmt/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/gnyóm/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/bh éronom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/gh ḗbh īt/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/dh ẃrom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/dh ẃrys/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/médh yos/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/gh óstys/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/stéygh onom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/bh éndh onom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/bh ńdh ete/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/skéynonom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/séngh wonom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/stérnos/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/káptos/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/tóngyonom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/moysóm/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/moystóm/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/pónkonom/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/ponkonóm/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/gh ébh ety/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/kwód/
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /
*/? /